Properties and Specifications of Motor Oil

 
Read the written on the oil tray and learn how to interpret the symbols by  How to Read an Oil Bottle – What do those letters and numbers mean ?: It
 
does not matter the amount of ads that advertise engine oil and the amount of quality, and benefit from its use, and the damage that will prevent them, erotic images associated with advertising And the colors, and the famous advertisers about the oil, what matters here is what is written on the box of specifications and guarantees, which are everything related to what is inside the box.
 
 
There are many different standards bodies around the world that evaluate motor oil. One of the most important of these is the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).

 
Looking at the American Petroleum Institute (API) donut code, three things can be identified:
 

• The write/text in the middle (‘A’) gives the SAE viscosity grade, which determines the oil’s weight/thickness. The viscosity rating has a numerical range from 0 to 50 in 5 increments; A low number indicates a light oil, and a high number indicates a heavy oil. If there is a single digit, it is a single grade oil; If there are two numbers separated by a dash, the oil is multigrid oil. Multigrade oil, eg 10W-30, is designed to have the viscosity characteristic of the first number of degree in this example (SAE 10) for the oil at cold temperature, and the viscosity characteristic of the second number in this example (SAE 30) for the oil at operating temperature hot. The symbol W or winter for distinction indicates that the oil meets the requirements of the wife at low temperatures (below 30 degrees Fahrenheit, 0 degrees Celsius).   

• The letter/text in upper case (‘B’) is the American Petroleum Institute (API) service classification. This two-letter designation identifies the type of vehicle fuel for which the oil is designed. Classifications beginning with the letter ‘S’ are for petrol engines, and classifications with the letter ‘C’ for diesel engines. The second letter defines the fuel quality – the higher the letter order, the more protection the oil provides to the engine. As a general rule, oil with the highest letter order in the order can be used if the recommended letter is in the lower order, ie SJ oil can be used in any engine that requires SB, SG or SH.

American Petroleum Institute  Gasoline Engine Oil Service Classifications
Category	Status	Service
SN	Current	Introduced in October 2010 for 2011 and older vehicles, designed to provide improved high temperature deposit protection for pistons, more stringent sludge control, and seal compatibility. API SN with Resource Conserving matches ILSAC GF-5 by combining API SN performance with improved fuel economy, turbocharger protection, emission control system compatibility, and protection of engines operating on ethanol-containing fuels up to E85.
SM	Current	For 2010 and older automotive engines.
SL	Current	For 2004 and older automotive engines.
SJ	Current	For 2001 and older automotive engines.
SH	Obsolite
SG	Obsolite
SF	Obsolite
SE	Obsolite	CAUTION – Not suitable for use in gasoline-powered automobile engines built after 1979.
SD	Obsolite	CAUTION – Not suitable for use in gasoline-powered automobile engines built after 1971. Use in more modern engines may cause unsatisfactory performance or equipment harm.
SC	Obsolite	CAUTION – Not suitable for use in gasoline-powered automobile engines built after 1967. Use in more modern engines may cause unsatisfactory performance or equipment harm.
SB	Obsolite	CAUTION – Not suitable for use in gasoline-powered automobile engines built after 1951. Use in more modern engines may cause unsatisfactory performance or equipment harm.
SA	Obsolite	CAUTION – Not suitable for use in gasoline-powered automobile engines built after 1930. Use in more modern engines may cause unsatisfactory performance or equipment harm.

 
http://www.driverstechnology.co.uk/oils.htm  Oils
 

• The writing/text at the bottom (‘C’) is ‘Energy Conserving’ or nothing – the energy-conserving oil is manufactured to improve friction modifiers and thus improve fuel economy, when tested in any engineering benchmarks test.

 

 
http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/171/oil-can  How to Read an Oil Can
http://www.viscopedia.com/viscosity-tables/substances/sae-viscosity-grades/  SAE viscosity grads
http: //www.buyoils.co.uk/oil_label.html  How to read an oil bottle label
 
 
There is also the seal of the International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC), which indicates the quality and conformity of the oil performance energy conservation standards.

http://www.12v.org/maintenance/index.php?section=ss&ss=4   Motor oil label****
Oil additives:
Today’s oils contain additives designed to enhance the performance capabilities of oils:

• protective additives

Surface protection additives
anti-wear agents to reduce friction and wear, and help prevent metal-to-metal contact.
Corrosion and rust inhibitors are added to prevent rusting of the internal parts of the engine.
Additives to keep surfaces free of deposits. detergents keep surfaces free of deposits.

• performance additivesViscosity modifiers to help reduce the rate of change of viscosity with heat

Oil Additives
SURFACE PROTECTION ADDITIVES Anti-wear agents reduce friction and wear, help prevent scoring or seizure and help prevent metal-to-metal contact. Corrosion and rust inhibitors are used to prevent corrosion and rust on the internal metal parts of the engine. Detergents keep surfaces free of deposits. Dispersants keep insoluble contam	PERFORMANCE ADDITIVES Pour point depressants enable lubricants to flow at lower temperatures by modifying wax crystal formation, thereby reducing interlocking. Seal swell agents help to swell elastomeric seals by causing a chemical reaction in the elastomer. Viscosity modifiers help reduce the rate of viscosity change when temperatures rise or drop.	PROTECTIVE ADDITIVES Antifoamants reduce surface tension and speed the collapse of foam. Antioxidants slow the rate of oxidation by decomposing peroxides and terminating free-radical reactions. Metal deactivators are used to reduce catalytic effect of metals on the oxidation rate.

Properties of the used oil:
Motor Oil Viscosity:
Of all the properties of motor oil, the most important characteristic is viscosity. The viscosity of the fluid and how it interacts with variables (such as temperature, velocity, load…..) will determine how the oil performs the essential functions.
What is viscosity? When the liquid is exposed to an external force, it resists the flow due to the friction of the internal particles of the liquid. Viscosity is a measure of internal friction (the resistance of a fluid to flow). Viscosity can be measured in units of centistokes (cSt) or centipoises (cP). We see with any units used to measure viscosity, the higher the viscosity number, the thicker the liquid. There are other terms for viscosity that are most commonly used to describe the viscosity of an oil are thin, light or low, thick, heavy or high.
Motor Oil
Viscosity Grades Viscosity in simple terms is the fluid’s resistance to flow, or the fluid’s flow velocity when measured in a viscometer. With a thicker (higher viscosity) fluid, its flow decreases. By reviewing scientific articles, we find that the measurement of oil viscosity is done in units of kinematic (kv) and absolute (cst). Which have been translated into easier-to-understand viscosity numbers and are placed on oil bottles and cans of SAE viscosity numbers.
The viscosity of the fluid is important because it is directly related to the ability to carry loads. The higher the viscosity of the fluid, the higher the load bearing capacity. Therefore, the fluid must have the appropriate viscosity to separate the moving parts from each other in the normal operating condition (temperature and speed). 
Knowing that the viscosity of the liquid is related to its ability to bear loads, a person may imagine that the higher the viscosity of the liquid, the better. The truth is, using a liquid with a high viscosity (too much) can be just as harmful as using a liquid with a low viscosity.
Too low viscosity (thin or light) = metal contact between parts (higher friction and wear), poor bonding and increased oil consumption
Too high (thick or heavy) viscosity = increased fluid friction, reduced energy efficiency, increased operating temperature And the difficulty of starting operation, especially in cold weather.
 
SAE viscosity numbers/grades:
There are two types of viscosity, one of which is written on the box:
Single viscosity grade fluids
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) fluids are sometimes called straight grade or mono-grade, which refer to high or low viscosity performance. which are designed for use where operating temperatures are constant. Examples are engine oils SAE 30, 40, or 50 and gear oils |SAE 80, 90, 140. Examples of mono-grade oils are SAE 5W, 10W or 15W and gear oils are 75W, 80W, and 85W. The presence of the letter “W” in the oil level indicates low temperature performance. When you see the letter W, it means cold weather (winter – does not mean weight, or watts).
The lower the Winter W number, the easier it is for the engine to start in cold weather.
 


Basically to determine the normal viscosity rating the viscometer is used to measure the oil at 100°C through an orifice over a specified period of time. A table is used to determine the SAE viscosity grade.
Multi-grade fluids
Multi-grade fluids are concerned with the performance of fluids at both high and low temperatures. They are designed for use when operating temperatures vary significantly. Multigrade oils make it possible to work in different climatic conditions. Examples of these oils are 5W-30, 10W-30, 15W-40 and 20W-50. Examples are gear oils 75W-90, 80W-90 and 85W-140.
When you see the symbol W in the viscosity rating, the viscosity of the liquid has been measured at cold temperatures. A number without W is a measurement of viscosity at 210 F (100 C), which is roughly the engine’s operating temperature. This means that SAE 30 engine oil has the same viscosity as 10W-30 or 5W-30 at 210 F (100 C). The difference is the amount of density when measured at a colder temperature. For example, 5W-30 oil has the same performance as SAE 5 oil at a specified low temperature, but still has a viscosity of SAE 30 oil at 210°F (100°C). The advantage of having a low temperature viscosity number W is obvious: faster flow on cold, less run on dry. Less dry running means less engine wear.
The oil is passed at low temp or a W rating of SAE 15W and at 210 F (100 C) it flows through a viscometer like SAE 40 oil, the designation would be 15W-40. Therefore, if the oil glides like SAE 5 at low temperature and glides like SAE 20 at 210 F (100 C), the designation would be 5W-20. And so on!

What are oils with multiple viscosity levels made of? Some of them are naturally present. For example, some synthetic base oils have sufficient viscosity stability (index) to qualify as multigrade oils. But for mineral-based oils, it has another story. It is configured for low temperature properties. Then viscosity index improvers are added to it. These additives improve the thinning of the oils with increased heat. This allows oils with a lower viscosity to also meet the requirements of higher temperatures. Oils with multiple viscosity levels provide the low-temperature fluidity and high-temperature stability required to operate in changing weather conditions. Noting that the SAE 10W mono-viscosity oil is suitable for relief at low temperatures, but it begins to fade as the temperature rises. And vice versa, SAE 30 is suitable for high temperatures but gets heavier as temperatures drop.

http://syntheticperformanceoil.com/spo/motor_oil_viscosity.php  Motor oil viscosity
VI additives:
Viscosity index-improving additives have the effect of keeping the oil from getting hidden/overly thinning when heated. For example if you have SAE 10 low temp oil. But at 100°C the viscosity of the SAE 10 oil will have a rating of 10W-10 or SAE 10. Obviously, this is good at low temperatures, but very bad for the operating temperature, especially in hot climates. However, VI additives will prevent the oil from thinning when heated to a higher viscosity number at 100°C (210°F). This is how mineral/petroleum base oil works as a 10W-30 classifier. To increase the thermal range, such as 10W-40, more viscosity index additives are used. This is good but the enhancements have a downside as well. 

Disadvantages of Using Drawbacks of Viscosity Improving Additves:
Viscosity-enhancing additives have many advantages, but they are not usually free. Multigrade motor oils perform a great service as they do not have a high viscosity at start-up and prevent engine wear by providing instant oil flow to important engine parts. However, there are accompanying problems. These oils have additives added, these additives as a result of high heat and high shear forces break down and form a sludg. What is worse is that with the beginning of the effect of these additives, the resistance of the oil to remain thick no longer exists and the oil begins to hide, and now the engine has a light oil at a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius. Motor oil rated 10W-30 can easily become 10W-20 or even 10W-10 or worse. With the increase in additives, the problem became worse. Therefore, car manufacturers began directing car owners to stay away from oils loaded with viscosity index additives such as 10W-40 and 10W-50, which contain additives to improve the viscosity index significantly.
When choosing a lubricant, there are three important rules to keep in mind:

• For operation and management at low ambient temperatures, fluids with a lower viscosity should be selected. But administration began at elevated temperatures, enabling the selection of heavy fluids.
• The load affecting the parts, as the load increases, heavy oil must be chosen. For a lighter load, choose a lighter oil.
• Operating speed High speed requires light oil, and vice versa for slow speeds requires heavy oil.

   
Proper viscosity is the most important criterion for lubricating oils. The performance of the machine depends on the viscosity of the oil. Viscosity is the flowability of an oil. The thicker the oil, the higher its viscosity. The thicker the oil, the higher its viscosity. The following figure shows a quick guide to air temperature with the oil viscosity performance for both the multi-grade oil classification (the upper part) and the single-grade classification (the lower part).
Multigrade oils work by adding a polymer to the oil that prevents the oil from softening as its temperature increases. At lower temperatures, the polymer shrinks coiled up and allows the oil to flow, as indicated by its low W number. As the engine heats up, the polymer expands unwind into a long chain that prevents the oil from becoming too thin as it normally would. Result At 100°C, the oil thins only as well as the higher rating.  

http://www.elf.com/en/advice-corner/engine-oil-faq/oil-viscosity-chart.html  Oil viscosity chart
Types of engine oils:
There are three main types of engine oil in the market: mineral, synthetic synthetic, semi-synthetic  

• Mineral oil is the cheapest and is mainly composed of crude oil, and it is produced after crude oil is refined. Few car companies recommend it these days because it usually doesn’t come with the engine-cleaning detergents that are required these days and has a limited operating temperature range. Nevertheless, it is very suitable for older engines with less extreme clearances, which are used in temperate climates without frost or hot weather.
• Synthetic oil is the most expensive, because it is designed by scientists to operate over a wide range of temperatures and under different operating conditions, while reducing engine drag to help reduce fuel consumption. It also acts as a cleaner for internal engine parts.
• Semi-synthetic oil is a mixture of mineral and synthetic oil to help lower prices.

Abstract: The
degree of viscosity determined by the Society of Automotive Engineers: the oil is classified as a multigrade oil if it meets the requirements of two specifications for viscosity, the degree of viscosity consists of two numbers, example 10W-40: 10W indicates low temperature viscosity (winter), 40 indicates viscosity degree High temperature (summer). Currently, most automotive engine oil is multi-grade oil, and oil that has specific uses, such as those used in specific classes such as lawn mowers, often have single-grade oils.
 
Viscosity Index (VI)
It is an empirical formula that allows to calculate the change in viscosity in the presence of heat. Which tells the user how light the oil will be when exposed to heat. The lower the viscosity index number, the greater the change in the viscosity of the oil with heat and vice versa. It is used to determine the change in viscosity with the temperature of the oil. The higher the viscosity index number, the more evidence that the oil will not soften at a certain temperature. Multiple grade oils have a viscosity of more than 100, while single grade oils and most oils used in industry have a viscosity index less than 100.
The viscosity index is defined as the rate of change in the viscosity of a liquid between two temperatures. The lower the number, the lower the viscosity the more the oil heats up. The higher the number, the lower the viscosity decrease as the oil heats up.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity_index  Viscosity index (VI)
http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/28956/lubricant-viscosity-index  Lubricant viscosity index

An ideal oil should not change in viscosity with temperature differences. However, since the ideal oil does not exist, the viscosity index can be improved to reduce the effect of heat (increasing the viscosity index). The viscosity index is often improved by adding additives to the oil, called viscosity index improvers, to form what is known as multi-grade viscosity oils. Synthetic (Synthetic) oil usually has a higher viscosity index number than oils that are synthetically improved than mineral oils.

The figure shows two types of SAE 30 oils, ‘B’ oils have a lower viscosity index than ‘A’ oils, both are SAE 30. There are two benefits of oils with a higher viscosity index. Not only is it lighter when it’s cold, but it’s also thicker when it’s hot. And the importance of a high viscosity index number is shown for car owners in a cold winter climate.
http://www.kewengineering.co.uk/Auto_oils/oil_viscosity_explained.htm  Oil viscosity explained
Engine oil/ Motor oil Shelf Life:
In general, lubricating fluid(s) (not grease) will remain in good condition. Good for several years. The main factor affecting the life of the oil is the storage condition of the product, exposure to moisture and high temperature changes, which will reduce the life of the oil. (An increase of 10°C will double the oxidation which will halve the shelf life.)
The following table gives a guide to the shelf life of the oil (check the shelf life of the oil from the production date on the can), in the case of proper storage (indoors – about 20°C):

Product	Shelf Life
Base Oils, Process Oils	3 years
Hydraulic Oils, Compressor Oils, General Purpose Lubricating Oils	2 years
Engine Oils and Transmission Oils	3 years
Industrial and Automotive Gear Oils	2 years
Metal Working and Cutting Oils	1 year

* A note on the condition of the oil gives evidence of the expiration date: the change in color, the presence of plankton in the oil, the presence of sediments in the oil, the contamination of the oil with water appears as a white liquid.
* When dealing with oil, do not leave the oil exposed to sunlight with the cover uncovered. It is best to keep it closed and in a cool dry place.  
 

Choosing the oil according to the air temperatures in which the car is used. VSE Viscosity Grade and Outdoor Temperature:
The following figure shows the range of external air temperatures and the oils recommended for use according to external temperatures, for oils with a single viscosity class, with a multiple viscosity class.
 

  
http://www.pqiamerica.com/apiserviceclass.htm  API service class
The API/ACEA classification American Petroleum Institute (API), European Automobile Manufacturers Association, indicates the quality of the oil. For rank, it is due to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) rating. They describe working and viscosity standards. When it cools, the oil becomes like molasses, so it is important for any coolant to remain as light as possible. In cold weather, it is symbolized by the symbol W, which means winter, but on the other side of the scale it may become as light as water. It is required to be light when it is cold and thick when it is hot. Hence the multi-grade oil appeared. In the beginning, the 20W-50 oil was a good oil, but with the advancement of engineering technology and the reduction in the clearances between the engine parts, the need for a thinner oil was required, especially when be cool. So 15W-50, 15W-40 and even 5W-30 are becoming more and more popular these days.
http://www.carbibles.com/engineoil_bible.html  Engine oil bible **
Oil
maintenance : Oil maintenance is a set of procedures:

• Oil check, oil level check (the car is standing on a horizontal level, you must wait a while after the car has been dismantled to ensure that the oil is completely collected in the crankshaft box – checking the oil level immediately after the car has been dismantled, gives a false reading where it is still there If a pint is still in the oil tracks, it needs time to drain into the crankcase.)
• Adding oil adding oil, adding oil according to the recommended specifications of the vehicle to supplement the oil in the engine to the correct level
• An oil change is done according to the preventive maintenance schedule, or when a change in its properties is observed upon detection, or there are phenomena that require an oil change and the use of oil with higher specifications (smoke, sounds and noises, high oil consumption, oil leakage, high fuel consumption, …), Or preparing to take a long car trip, or according to the warning lights on the dashboard that appear in the cars that have these signs.
•  

• Engine flushing, which takes place before the oil change process, can be carried out in two ways. After the engine is drained of oil, another oil is added with special specifications for the process, or additives are added for the washing process of the oil in the engine. Then the engine is run for a period of time, then the oil is drained, and the base oil is added to the engine. Engine washing is usually not recommended, many car manufacturers (GM, Nissan, Toyota) have issued maintenance manuals against engine washing. In many cases, in the event of a problem with the engine after the washing process, this failure will not be covered by the manufacturer’s warranty.  
• Change the oil filter, it is recommended to change (every time the oil is changed, or once every two times the oil is changed), refer to the car owner’s manual.

https://mobiloil.com/en/article/car-maintenance/car-maintenance-archive/how-to-change-your-cars-motor-oil-and-filter   How to change your cars motor oil and filter
http: //www.wikihow.com/Change-the-Oil-in-Your-Car  Change the oil in your car
http://www.napafilters.com/do-it-yourself/step-by-step-filter-maintenance /what-you-need-to-know-about-changing-your-oil-and-oil-filter/  DIY Change your oil and filter

Factors for choosing oils and reasons for choosing:
There are many factors for choosing engine oil and the causes, some of which are attached to the following table:

 
There are also many organizations and bodies that work to provide information on the classification of oil used for many oils. In addition, there are some car manufacturers such as Mercedes, BMW, and Volkswagen that have unique standards for their car. Therefore, you need to read your vehicle’s owner’s manual to make sure that you are using the right oil for your vehicle.